The design of surge protection devices is a practical issue for the management of pressurized
pipeline systems. Depending on the flow status, dimension, material, and fluid properties of a
particular pipeline, the generation of hydraulic transients and their interactions with surge protection
devices have been explored considering different conditions for various pipeline systems. The
resonance between the pipeline elements and surge energy absorption function of the hydraulic
structure should be adaptively considered for each pipeline system. To comprehensively address
surge generation and surge alleviating process, this study introduced dimensionless equations of
fluid motion and continuity, and their solutions were developed in the dimensionless frequency
domain. The impact of the surge tank, pressure accumulator, and its connector were also developed in
terms of dimensionless operators. The impact of distinct flow conditions and pipeline properties was
successfully addressed by an integrated parameter, dimensionless resistance, which also provided a
unified condition for water hammer similarity in reservoir pipeline surge tank pipeline valve (RPSPV)
systems. The development of dimensionless hydraulic impedance expressions along a pipeline
system and its conversion into a response function provides a normalized pressure response in the
dimensionless time domain. Excellent agreement was found between transient simulations using the
developed method and those obtained using existing methods. The integration of a dimensionless
approach into a metaheuristic engine provides a general platform for surge tank (ST) design in the
comprehensive bounds of flow and pipeline conditions.