Gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration is known for its energy-saving potential and enhanced pollutant
removal via biofilm formation. This study expands the applicability of GDM filtration by enabling filtration,
backwash, and constant flux operation driven solely by gravity. A height difference between the feed water and
the membrane module was divided into water heads for filtration and backwash, respectively. Mathematical
derivation and lab-scale tests showed that outside-in and inside-out permeation flow rates through hollow-fiber
membranes were nearly identical under the same water head, with a maximum flux deviation of 7 %. The labscale
experiments also proved that gravity-driven backwash (GDB) was effective in reducing fouling rates and
became more effective under a higher backwash water head. A constant-flux GDM filtration with GDB was
subsequently evaluated in a pilot-test, which utilized a commercial-scale membrane module (72 m2) and
maintained a constant flux without pumps by employing a control tank. Without backwash, operation ceased
after 46 h due to fouling and limited filtration head, whereas the proposed GDB achieved more than 690 h of
continuous operation. Chemical cleaning using alternating acid and alkali soaking achieved up to 99.7 % recovery.
Calculated head loss matched measured data, with a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of
7.24 %, thus validating the hydraulic models. Consequently, pump-free, cyclic GDM operations are feasible for
real-scale applications, provided reliable fouling control and site-specific feasibility are met, with an expected
operational cost saving of 20?40 %.