Introduction
Hydrogen energy has emerged as a pivotal solution to mitigate the adverse effects of fossil fuels and advance the global goal of carbon neutrality. Among various production methods, green hydrogen, derived from water electrolysis powered by renewable energy, holds significant potential due to its near-zero greenhouse gas emissions during production. However, the efficiency and environmental benefits of hydrogen systems depend heavily on the type of renewable energy and electrolysis technology used. Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis dominate the current market, each presenting unique advantages and challenges. AWE offers cost-effectiveness for large-scale applications, whereas PEM provides superior efficiency and adaptability to renewable energy fluctuations. Simultaneously, certification systems for clean hydrogen, such as South Korea's guidelines, have emphasized the need to quantify emissions across the entire lifecycle, from production to utilization. This study aims to bridge the gap between practical system design and environmental certification by investigating the integration of small-scale hydropower-based hydrogen production with lifecycle GHG assessments.